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Unit 4: Carbonyls
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Lecture 12 Carbonyls.pptx extracting…ready, ~9k tok, 31 slides
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Unit 4: Carbonyls
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NotesStructured notes from every source in this unit, aware of the other three.
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Notes reading 3 sources… pulling context from Units 1 to 3… writing section 4 of 7… rendering math…
Notes done, 7 sections, 24 flashcard-ready terms
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Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl

The C=O bond is polarized: oxygen pulls density, so the carbon carries a partial positive charge and welcomes nucleophiles.

Nu− + R2C=O → R2C(O−)Nu → R2C(OH)Nu

Aldehydes react faster than ketones. Less steric bulk at the carbon, and only one alkyl group pushing electrons in.

Recall Why does hydration favour formaldehyde over acetone?
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Card 7 of 24Unit 4: Carbonyls
Why are aldehydes more electrophilic than ketones?tap to flip
One alkyl group instead of two: less electron donation into the carbonyl and less steric crowding at the carbon.
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Practice test, Units 3 to 4, 10 questionsQuestion 3 of 10

3.Which carbonyl compound is hydrated fastest in water?

Acetone Formaldehyde Benzophenone Acetophenone
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9 / 10 Q3, correct. Formaldehyde has no alkyl groups pushing electrons into the carbonyl and nothing crowding the carbon, so water adds fastest.
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Slide 9 of 14 Hemiacetal formation
  • Alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon
  • Proton transfer gives the hemiacetal
  • Acid catalysis speeds the second addition
AlexTheo
12:4031:05

Theo: So the alcohol is the nucleophile this time, and the carbonyl carbon is still the one taking the hit.

Ask Sendyknows all 3 classes
Which units in Orgo and Biochem both cover enzyme catalysis? I have both exams next week.
Two overlaps. Orgo Unit 4 covers acid-catalysed carbonyl addition, and Biochem Unit 3 reuses the same mechanism for serine proteases. Study them together: the tetrahedral intermediate shows up in both. Open Orgo Unit 4 notesPractice test, both units
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